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barChart and bigBarChart Track Format

The barChart (and bigBarChart) track format displays a graph of category-specific values over genomic regions, similar to the GTEx Gene track. This format is useful for displaying gene expression and other datasets where it is desirable to compare a set of variables over genomic regions.

While a barChart track can effectively show datasets with single values for each variable (e.g. comparing individual samples), the format provides specific features to display studies comprised of a large set of samples for each variable (e.g. comparing tissues with multiple samples for each tissue). In this usage, the main genome browser display presents a graph of summary values (e.g. medians) for each variable, and the distribution of sample values across variables is shown via a boxplot graph shown on the details page for each region.

The barChart format is available as a standalone plain text bed6+ format for use with smaller datasets as a custom track, and as a binary indexed format (bigBarChart) suitable for track hubs and custom tracks. The bigBarChart format provides more track customization features (i.e. schema customization, and label configuration support), and is recommended for users who can use command-line tools and have web-accessible data storage. If you do not have web-accessible data storage, please see the Hosting section of the Track Hub Help documentation. barChart format files are converted to bigBarChart files using the program bedToBigBed, run with the -as option to pull in a special autoSql (.as) schema file defining the fields of the bigBarChart.

Below is an example of the barChart format in 'full' visibility mode

BarChart example in full mode

The 'squish' display mode draws one colored rectangle indicating the category (e.g. tissue) with highest value of the measured metric (e.g. gene expression) if it contributes more than 10% to the total expression, otherwise the chart is colored black. The following image shows the GTEx Genes track in 'squish' mode; the beige colored item (tissue) has the highest expression in the ACE2 gene and represents more than 10% of total expression. Click into the colored rectange for more information.

barChart format definition

The following autoSql definition illustrates the basic schema supporting barChart (and bigBarChart) tracks.

table bigBarChart
"bigBarChart bar graph display"  
    ( 
    string chrom;               "Reference sequence chromosome or scaffold"
    uint chromStart;            "Start position in chromosome"
    uint chromEnd;              "End position in chromosome"
    string name;                "Name or ID of item"
    uint score;                 "Score (0-1000)"
    char[1] strand;             "'+','-' or '.'. Indicates whether the query aligns to the + or - strand on the reference"
    string name2;               "Alternate name of item"
    uint expCount;              "Number of bar graphs in display, must be <= 100"
    float[expCount] expScores;  "Comma separated list of category values."
    bigint _dataOffset;         "Offset of sample data in data matrix file, for boxplot on details page, optional only for barChart format"
    int _dataLen;               "Length of sample data row in data matrix file, optional only for barChart format"
    )

Column Explanations

The first 6 fields of the barChart format are the same as the first 6 fields of the standard BED format. The name2 field provides an alternate item name, useful if you would like to associate multiple transcripts to a single gene locus, different variables to the same experiment type, etc. The expCount and expScores fields are used as in the Microarray format; they define the number of categories and a value for each category (see example #1 below).

The _dataOffset and _dataLen fields are used internally by the track to locate sample values for a region in an optional matrix file containing all sample values. These values are used to draw a boxplot of all sample data on the details page for the bar chart. When a matrix file is not supplied, these fields should be set to 0. (As a convenience, these fields are optional for barChart custom tracks).

When creating bigBarChart files, we encourage you to customize the title and field descriptions of the prototype autoSql schema to better describe your data. In the example below, the name field of the track refers to a transcript, while the name2 field represents a gene:


table xyzGeneExpression
"XYZ gene expression barChart"
(
string chrom;               "Reference sequence chromosome or scaffold"
uint chromStart;            "Start position in chromosome"
uint chromEnd;              "End position in chromosome"
string name;                "Transcript name"
uint score;                 "Score (0-1000), derived from total expScores (below)"
char[1] strand;             "+, -, or ., indicating orientation of the item"
string name2;               "Gene name" 
uint expCount;              "Number of tissues"
float[expCount] expScores;  "Comma separated list of median expression in RPKM for each tissue."
bigint _dataOffset;         "Offset of sample data in data matrix file"
int _dataLen;               "Length of sample data row in data matrix file"
)

Customing this file will make your data more easily interpreted by users, who will see the field descriptions when accessing the track data from the Table Browser, when viewing items on the Genome Browser details pages (via the "view table schema" link), and (for users who download files), from the -as option of the bigBedInfo tool.

Creating barChart and bigBarChart custom tracks

The steps for creating barChart tracks differ from the process for creating bigBarChart tracks. The steps also differ based on whether you have an input matrix file (generated perhaps from an RNA-Seq differential expression analysis pipeline) or not. If you have an expression matrix-like file, skip to Example #3, otherwise follow example 1 below.

Example #1

In this example, you will create a barChart custom track using example bed6+3 data.

Paste the following track line into the custom track management page for the human assembly hg38.


track type=barChart name="barChart Example One" description="A barChart file" barChartBars="adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood" visibility=pack
browser position chr14:95,081,796-95,436,280
# chrom chromStart chromEnd string name score strand name2 expCount expScores _dataOffset _dataLen
chr14   95086227        95158010        DICER1  999     -       ENSG00000100697.10      5       2.94,11.60,38.00,6.69,4.89
chr14   95181939        95319906        CLMN    999     -       ENSG00000165959.7       5       7.08,69.53,9.32,1.38,1.68
chr14   95417493        95475836        SYNE3   999     -       ENSG00000176438.8       5       7.29,3.73,0.74,20.35,1.39

Click the "submit" button.

After the file loads in the Genome Browser, you should see an automatically colored bar graph with 5 bars. Hovering the mouse over any of the individual bars will display the name of the particular bar ("wholeBlood", "adiposeSubcut", ...) as well as the value associated with that bar (10.94, 0.74, ...). The order of bar names in the barChartBars field of track line should exactly match the order of the values in the expScores field.

Example #2

In this example, you will create a bigBarChart track out of an existing bigBarChart format file, located on the UCSC Genome Browser http server. This file contains data for the hg38 assembly.

To create a custom track using this file:

Construct a track line referencing the file:


track type=bigBarChart name="bigBarChart Example One" description="A bigBarChart file" barChartBars="adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood" visibility=pack bigDataUrl=http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/hg38.gtexTranscripts.bb
browser position chr14:95,081,796-95,436,280

Paste the track line into the custom track management page for the human assembly hg38.
Click the "submit" button.

After the file loads in the Genome Browser, you should see an automatically colored bar graph with 5 bars. The same rules apply to bigBarChart custom tracks as barChart custom tracks in that the order of names in the barChartBars field should exactly match the order of values from the expScores field in the bigBarChart file.

Example #3

In this example, you will use the helper scripts expMatrixToBarchartBed and bedJoinTabOffset on example matrix and category files in order to generate a bed6+5 barChart format file, which can be loaded as a custom track into the Genome Browser.

The matrix file is a tab-separated (must be tabs, not spaces) file of the following form, perhaps resulting from an RNA-Seq analysis pipeline. Please note that the first line must describe each column as in the example snippet below.

transcript	sample1	sample2	sample3	sample4	sample5	...
transcriptName	value1	value2	value3	value4	value5	...

The categories file then provides more meta information about this matrix file. It is a two column, tab-separated file that maps the samples in the matrix file to a specific category:

sample1	category1
sample2	category1
...	...
sampleA	category2
sampleB	category2
...	...
sampleX	category3
sampleY	category3
...	...

Each column in the first line of the matrix file must be found in the categories file.

We have provided an example category file and matrix file to follow along with the rest of this example.

To create a custom track in this form, follow the below steps:

Create a bed6+1 file to use as a map for the items in your matrix (does not need to be all-inclusive). This file, with example lines such as:
```
chr14	95086227	95158010	ENSG00000100697.10	999	-	DICER1
   
```
will be one of three input files to the helper script expMatrixToBarchartBed. For an example file to follow along with the rest of this example, you can download an example bed6+1 file here.
Download the helper programs expMatrixToBarchartBed and bedJoinTabOffset from the utilities directory appropriate for your operating system.
Make sure the programs downloaded above are in your system's PATH variable. For example, if you downloaded the programs to your $HOME/Downloads directory, set your PATH variable accordingly:
```
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/Downloads
   
```
Now run expMatrixToBarchartBed (which in turn runs bedJoinTabOffset) like so:
```
expMatrixToBarchartBed categoriesFile matrixFile bedInputFile outputBed
   
```
The argument outputBed will be a bed6+5 file, with the expCount, expScores, _dataOffset, and _dataLen fields computed for you, for example:
```
chr14 95086227 95158010 ENSG00000100697.10 999 - DICER1 5 10.94,11.60,8.00,6.69,4.89 93153 26789
   
```
expMatrixToBarchartBed will also output the order of the scores in the expScores field, which you can then copy and paste into the barChartBars field of the custom track line so the bars displayed in the browser match the right values:
```
The columns and order of the groups are: 
#chr	start	end	name	score	strand	name2	expCount	expScores;adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood	_offset	_lineLength
   
```
If you have already pre-computed expCount and expScores, and just need offsets into your matrix file for a more descriptive details page, run only bedJoinTabOffset like so:
```
bedJoinTabOffset matrixFile exampleBed6+3 outBed
   
```

Now that we have a bed6+5 format file that corresponds to the barChart format, we can construct a track line and prepend it to our bed6+5 file so the Genome Browser will recognize it:


track type=barChart name="barChart Example" description="A barChart file" barChartBars="adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood" barChartMetric=median" visibility=pack

Use the upload button on the custom track management page for the human assembly hg38 to upload the file just created.
Click the "submit" button.

expMatrixToBarchartBed automatically computes the median values for all the samples in the matrix file, which is useful when your experiment contains data from 8000 samples (such as the GTEx data). Furthermore, expMatrixToBarchartBed can compute the mean value of all samples in a category of the matrix file (instead of the default median), in addition to allowing for a specific ordering of the expScores field. NOTE: Set the barChartMetric setting to 'mean' if you use this option of expMatrixToBarchartBed. For more information about expMatrixToBarchartBed or bedJoinTabOffset, run the program with no arguments to get a usage message.

Example #4

In this example, you will use the bed6+5 file created in Example 3 to create a bigBarChart file, allowing the data to be remotely accessed and exist within a track hub. The track settings for bigBarChart on a hub can be viewed here.

If not already completed, follow steps 1-4 from Example 3 above, or download the example bed6+5 file here
Download the fetchChromSizes and bedToBigBed programs from the utilities directory appropriate to your operating system.
Use fetchChromSizes to create a chrom.sizes file for the UCSC database you are working with (hg38 for these examples). Alternatively, you can download the chrom.sizes file for any assembly hosted at UCSC from our downloads page (click on "Full data set" for any assembly). For example, the hg38.chrom.sizes file for the hg38 database is located at http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg38/bigZips/hg38.chrom.sizes.
Save the autoSql file barChartBed.as to your computer.

Run bedToBigBed to create the bigBarChart file:


bedToBigBed -as=barChartBed.as -type=bed6+5 inputBed hg38.chrom.sizes output.bigBed

Move the newly constructed bigBarChart file to a web accessible http, https, or ftp location.

Construct a custom track line with a bigDataUrl parameter pointing to the newly created bigBarChart file. If the matrix and category files used to make the precursor barChart file are also moved to an http, https, or ftp location, we can point to them on the custom track line as well (all settings must be on the same line):


track type=bigBarChart name="bigBarChart Example One" description="A bigBarChart file" 
barChartBars="adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood" 
barChartMetric=median barChartUnit=RPKM
bigDataUrl=http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/hg38.gtexTranscripts.bb 
barChartMatrixUrl=http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/exampleMatrix.txt
barChartSampleUrl=http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/exampleSampleData.txt
visibility=pack

To fully take advantage of creating a bigBarChart file and the barChartMatrixUrl and barChartSampleUrl supporting files, create a Track Hub and use a stanza such as the following:
```
track exampleBarChartTrack
type bigBarChart
visibility full
shortLabel exBarChart
longLabel Simple example bar chart track
barChartBars adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood
barChartColors #FF6600 #33CCCC #CC9955 #AAAAFF #FF00BB
barChartLabel Tissues
barChartMetric median
barChartUnit RPKM
bigDataUrl http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/hg38.gtexTranscripts.bb
barChartMatrixUrl http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/exampleMatrix.txt
barChartSampleUrl http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/exampleSampleData.txt
   
```
Please note, the fields in your barChartBars line must match the terms in your categories file (exampleBarChartSamples.txt) in order for the boxplot display to show up on the details page for tracks. Below is an example image indicating the benefit of using these files in a hub, note the "View all data points for..." link that allows extracting data from the matrix file (exampleBarChartMatrix.txt) specific for this named item.

Example #5

To help Track Hub Developers adjust the display of tracks we add two settings barChartBarMinWidth and barChartBarMinPadding. The first sets the minimum pixel width of the bars in the chart to a number of pixels, for example barChartBarMinWidth 10. The second sets the minimum pixel width between bars to a number of pixels, for example barChartBarMinPadding 5.

Here are two example tracks using these settings on the same source data that can be loaded by going to the My Data, Custom Tracks page and pasting the below text to see how the display differs.

browser position chr14:95,081,796-95,436,280
track type=bigBarChart barChartBarMinPadding=5 name="ex barChartBarMinPadding" description="A bigBarChart file with barChartBarMinPadding" barChartBars="adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood" visibility=pack bigDataUrl=http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/hg38.gtexTranscripts.bb
track type=bigBarChart barChartBarMinWidth=20 name="ex barChartBarMinWidth" description="A bigBarChart file with barChartBarMinWidth" barChartBars="adiposeSubcut breastMamTissue colonTransverse muscleSkeletal wholeBlood" visibility=pack bigDataUrl=http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/examples/barChart/hg38.gtexTranscripts.bb

Example1 of barChartBarMinPadding and barChartBarMinWidth

Both tracks have the same data, however, in the bottom track the barChartBarMinWidth 20 setting triggers wider widths, and the top track has larger padding between bars from the setting barChartBarMinPadding 5. As described in the settings entries for barChartBarMinWidth and barChartBarMinPadding there is a dynamic calculation dependent on the current window size, the width of the item, and the number of bars for the item. So that when zooming in the appearance of the barCharts with these settings can be different, at different scales. For instance, in the first image, you can see how much impact barChartBarMinWidth has on the second track, as well as the barChartBarMinPadding in the top track. But as zoomed in, with the below image, the impact of both of these settings is less noticeable.

Example2 of barChartBarMinPadding and barChartBarMinWidth

Example #6

To help with the selection and exploration of large data sets the new settings barChartFacets, barChartStatsUrl, and barChartMerge were introduced where on the details page checkboxes enable slicing data down to smaller collections based on metadata.

The setting barChartFacets <column1,column2,...columnN> turns on the faceted selection on the track details and configure page which is useful for selecting which bars out of a large number to display by clicking designated checkboxes. The setting barChartStatsUrl <url> associates a table in tab-separated values with the barChart, with one line per bar. And the setting barChartMerge on enables a merge button inside of the faceted selections. It is particularly useful when there are many bars and many facets to condense a related group, such as tissue source.

Below is an example track using these settings on source data for a Tabula Sapiens single cell RNA data from many tissues track. This excerpt of settings from that track allows experimenting to see these settings in action, and to be loaded by going to the My Data, Custom Tracks page.

track type=bigBarChart  name="ex Tabula Sapiens" description="A bigBarChart using Tabula Sapiens data to illustrate new Details pages" visibility=pack barChartCategoryUrl=http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/gbdb/hg38/bbi/tabulaSapiens/bw_edit_tissue_cell_type.categories barChartFacets=tissue,cell_class,cell_type barChartStatsUrl=http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/gbdb/hg38/bbi/tabulaSapiens/bw_edit_tissue_cell_type.facets barChartMerge=on bigDataUrl=http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/gbdb/hg38/bbi/tabulaSapiens/tissue_cell_type.bb

Once loaded, click into an item to see the details page, in this case for the gene ACE2 at the default position in hg38. On the details page, rather than a static bar chart image, there is a dynamic interactive selection screen with checkbox facets to narrow down the display. Adding barChartMerge on enables the display of the "merge" button, and barChartFacets tissue,cell_class,cell_type sources information in barChartStatsUrl ...tissue_cell_type.facets to enable the facet options. To interact with this example, click the first two "merge" buttons next to "tissue" and "cell_class."

With those two merged selections, then click on the "Macrophage" option to see just this one cell type selection.

By then clicking the "unmerge" button next to "tissue" the single bar chart will expand with tissue clusters.

In these ways the new barChartFacets, barChartStatsUrl, and barChartMerge settings allow users to explore the barChart data on the individual details page more closely. One can use the facets to further select certain types and also click the columns (val/count/cluster) to arrange by numerical value or alphabetical name.

Also, if you click the "Return to Genome Browser" link, you will see only these selection bars are displayed.

In this image after making the selections browsing ACE2 the "zoom out" button has been clicked to also view nearby genes where the expression of these tissue selections for the gene PIR is quite noticeably different.

Example #7

In this example, we will be using command-line tools that were used to create the single-cell tracks available on hg38. For more in-depth examples of these tools, take a look at the following makedoc for a real-life example.

The matrixClusterColumns command converts a single cell gene expression matrix to a cell-type gene expression matrix. It takes a cell-by-cell metadata matrix that refers to the same cells as a gene expression matrix and combines the gene expression values for all cells of a given type into a single value representing the cell type. It can also be used on other metadata fields to produce matrices that show mean or average gene expression levels for a donor, an organ, or any other metadata field or combination of fields. The following command uses the exprMatrix.tsv and meta.tsv files to create six files: prepMatrix.tsv, prepStats.tsv, TissueCompMatrix.tsv, TissueCompStats.tsv, SexMatrix.tsv, and SexStats.tsv.

matrixClusterColumns exprMatrix.tsv meta.tsv \
    prep prepMatrix.tsv prepStats.tsv \
    "Tissue Composition" TissueCompMatrix.tsv TissueCompStats.tsv \
    Sex SexMatrix.tsv SexStats.tsv

Read 5 rows from meta.tsv
matrix exprMatrix.tsv has 209126 fields
209126 total columns, 209121 unclustered, 0 misses
209126 total columns, 209121 unclustered, 0 misses
209126 total columns, 209121 unclustered, 0 misses
.

If you are not sure which GENCODE Genes version is best suited for your data, the gencodeVersionForGenes command takes a list of gene symbols or gene accessions and searches for the version of GENCODE or RefSeq that matches the most genes in the list. Optionally, the tool can produce a BED file containing the gene structures for the genes in the list. The following command uses the gene.lst and geneSymVerTx.tsv files to create a mapping.bed file that will be used in the next step.

# Figure out gene set
gencodeVersionForGenes -target=hg38 gene.lst geneSymVerTx.tsv -bed=mapping.bed

examining 23 versions of gencode and refseq
best is gencodeVM5 as sym on mm10 with 6 of 6 (100%) hits
on hg38 6 of 6 (100%) hit across versions

The matrixToBarChartBed combines an expression matrix and a BED file with gene structures (mapping.bed) to make a new BED file (myTissueComp.bed) with a barChart showing gene expression that can be viewed on the Genome Browser. The optional argument, stats=stats.tsv provides a statistics file and improves the coloring in trackDb. The following command uses the TissueCompMatrix.tsv, mapping.bed, and TissueCompStats.tsv to create the myTissueComp.bed file that can be viewed on the Genome Browser or converted into a bigBed file so it can be used inside of a track hub.

matrixToBarChartBed TissueCompMatrix.tsv mapping.bed myTissueComp.bed -stats=TissueCompStats.tsv

5 genes found, 0 (0.00%) missed

The simpleBarChartBed.as can be used with the bedToBigBed command to create the bigBarChart file.

bedToBigBed myTissueComp.bed hg38.chrom.sizes myTissueComp.bb -type=bed6+3 -as=simpleBarChartBed.as
pass1 - making usageList (1 chroms): 15 millis
pass2 - checking and writing primary data (5 records, 9 fields): 1 millis

Sharing your data with others

If you would like to share your barChart/bigBarChart data track with a colleague, learn how to create a URL by looking at Example 6 on this page.

Extracting data from the bigBarChart format

Because bigBarChart files are an extension of bigBed files, which are indexed binary files, it can be difficult to extract data from them. UCSC has developed the following programs to assist in working with bigBed formats, available from the binary utilities directory.

bigBedToBed — converts a bigBed file to ASCII BED format.
bigBedSummary — extracts summary information from a bigBed file.
bigBedInfo — prints out information about a bigBed file. Use the -as option to see the file field descriptions.

As with all UCSC Genome Browser programs, simply type the program name (with no parameters) at the command line to view the usage statement.

Troubleshooting

If you encounter an error when you run the bedToBigBed program, check your input file for data coordinates that extend past the end of the chromosome. If these are present, run the bedClip program (available here) to remove the problematic row(s) in your input file before running the bedToBigBed program.