ID:ULK1_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1; EC=2.7.11.1; AltName: Full=Autophagy-related protein 1 homolog; Short=ATG1; Short=hATG1; AltName: Full=Unc-51-like kinase 1; FUNCTION: Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in autophagy in response to starvation. Acts upstream of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase PIK3C3 to regulate the formation of autophagophores, the precursors of autophagosomes. Part of regulatory feedback loops in autophagy: acts both as a downstream effector and negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) via interaction with RPTOR. Activated via phosphorylation by AMPK and also acts as a regulator of AMPK by mediating phosphorylation of AMPK subunits PRKAA1, PRKAB2 and PRKAG1, leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity. May phosphorylate ATG13/KIAA0652 and RPTOR; however such data need additional evidences. Plays a role early in neuronal differentiation and is required for granule cell axon formation. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. SUBUNIT: Interacts with GABARAP and GABARAPL2. Interacts (via C- terminus) with ATG13/KIAA0652. Part of a complex consisting of ATG13/KIAA0652, ULK1 and RB1CC1. Associates with the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) through an interaction with RPTOR; the association depends on nutrient conditions and is reduced during starvation. Interacts with FEZ1; SCOC interferes with FEZ1-binding. INTERACTION: Q9H0R8:GABARAPL1; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-908831, EBI-746969; P60520:GABARAPL2; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-908831, EBI-720116; Q9GZQ8:MAP1LC3B; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-908831, EBI-373144; Q9BXW4:MAP1LC3C; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-908831, EBI-2603996; Q8TDY2:RB1CC1; NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-908831, EBI-1047793; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol (By similarity). Preautophagosomal structure (By similarity). Note=Under starvation conditions, is localized to puncate structures primarily representing the isolation membrane that sequesters a portion of the cytoplasm resulting in the formation of an autophagosome (By similarity). TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Ubiquitously expressed. Detected in the following adult tissues: skeletal muscle, heart, pancreas, brain, placenta, liver, kidney, and lung. PTM: Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated under nutrient-rich conditions; dephosphorylated during starvation or following treatment with rapamycin. Under nutrient sufficiency, phosphorylated by MTOR/mTOR, disrupting the interaction with AMPK and preventing activation of ULK1 (By similarity). In response to nutrient limitation, phosphorylated and activated by AMPK, leading to activate autophagy. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. APG1/unc-51/ULK1 subfamily. SIMILARITY: Contains 1 protein kinase domain. SEQUENCE CAUTION: Sequence=BAA34442.2; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Translation N-terminally shortened;
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
Pfam Domains: PF00069 - Protein kinase domain PF01163 - RIO1 family PF06293 - Lipopolysaccharide kinase (Kdo/WaaP) family PF07714 - Protein tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase PF12063 - Domain of unknown function (DUF3543)
SCOP Domains: 56112 - Protein kinase-like (PK-like)
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on O75385
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
US Server
Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases 
Common Gene Haplotype Alleles 
